During the late Ice Age, massive floods tore across North America—reshaping rivers, enlarging valleys, and pouring billions of tons of water and sediment into the oceans. These weren’t just local disasters—they rewired entire drainage systems like the Mississippi, Yukon, and Columbia. The evidence is everywhere—if you know how to read the land. | The Randall Carlson

At the end of the Ice Age, North and South America each lost 75% of their megafauna, while Eurasia lost 35%, and Africa just 10%, leaving it with the highest diversity today. With megafauna defined as animals over 44 kg (100 lbs), the number of surviving species today is roughly equal to those that went extinct. | The Randall Carlson