Introduction: Moving Beyond Predictive Accuracy  Prediction has been traditionally the backbone of applied data science. From ...

Discover how probability distribution methods can help predict stock market returns and improve investment decisions. Learn to assess risk and potential gains.

The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

Abstract: Complex random variables arise naturally in many settings and their properties are of general interest. Past work on complex variables has mainly focused on their second-order structure, as ...

A Probability distribution is a function that represents the probability of occurrence of a random variable. Probability distributions are used in various hydrological studies, particularly in studies ...

What Is A Probability Density Function? A probability density function, also known as a bell curve, is a fundamental statistics concept, that describes the likelihood of a continuous random variable ...

A random variable is a mathematical function that maps outcomes of random experiments to numbers. It can be thought of as the numeric result of operating a non-deterministic mechanism or performing a ...

The COS method was introduced in Fang & Oosterlee (2008) and then was applied to pricing a variety of stock options for continuous random variables. This paper adapts the Fourier-cosine series (COS) ...