At the ecosystem level, the total growth of all plant species is termed primary production, and — as we'll see in this article — communities composed of different numbers and combinations of ...

In population-level cascades, predator removal leads to overgrazing and local extinction of a dominant plant species, but a less palatable species replaces the first, keeping the ecosystem ...

Ecosystems with high levels of biodiversity help to provide the resources needed to sustain life, including human life. Activities that create air and water pollution are reducing biodiversity in ...

The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems. Biological diversity, often shortened to biodiversity, is ...

For example, human waste (such as household and industrial waste) enters natural ecosystems, and sometimes this waste can build up to harmful levels. Human activities such as harvesting plants and ...

Observed ecosystem-level changes in the Arctic include the disappearance of essential habitats, shifts in species’ timing and ranges, disruption of species’ relationships, declines in abundance, and ...