Photosynthesis is the dominant source of energy in most ecosystems through conversion of light to C-H bonds in organic material, and so the flow and fate or carbon is tightly linked to energy flow.

The feeding sequence, showing the energy flow from producers to consumers, is called a food chain. Each step is called a trophic level: producers are on the first trophic level 1, primary ...

Food web is an important conceptual tool for illustrating the feeding relationships among species within a community, revealing species interactions and community structure, and understanding the ...

It includes all the plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, and air in a specific area, along with the energy flows and nutrient cycles that sustain life. Ecosystems can be terrestrial (land ...

By analyzing energy flows and metabolic processes within cities, the researchers uncovered that urban ecosystems exhibit multistable states. These states reflect different equilibrium points where ...