Stochastic volatility is the unpredictable nature of asset price volatility over time. It's a flexible alternative to the Black Scholes' constant volatility assumption.

Abstract: In stochastic dynamic environments, multiagent Markov decision processes have emerged as a versatile paradigm for studying sequential decision-making problems of fully cooperative multiagent ...

Pupil dilation provides a physiological readout of information gain during the brain's internal process of belief updating in the context of associative learning.