An emphasis will be placed on the social, technological and organizational needs in database design. Course topics include: entity-relationship models, relational database models, normalization, ...

The answer, of course, is to conduct proper data modeling and database design. Denormalization of the physical database is a design option but it can only be done if the design was first normalized.

To properly design an application that relies on databases for persistent data storage, the system designer must match the application development languages and tools to the physical database design ...