The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan.

Valence electrons with quantum properties are also expected to exhibit emergent phenomena, making these crystals essential ...

Scientists have long held that electricity is carried by individual electrons with discrete charges moving in a metal, even ...

1). In the n-type layer, there is an excess of electrons, and in the p-type layer, there is an excess of positively charged holes (which are vacancies due to the lack of valence electrons). Near the ...