Gradient plasticity models extend classical continuum theories by incorporating spatial gradients of plastic strain or dislocation density into the constitutive description of deforming materials.

Gradient structure optimisation in metallic materials centres on the intentional variation of microstructural features—grain size, phase composition or defect density—across a specimen to achieve a ...

Known as the polychaete worm, it uses the tip of its jaw to inject lethal venom. The design of the jaw, with a gradient of hard materials at the tip connected to softer tissues, dissipates force and ...