IT is sometimes required in engineering practice to measure the flatness of a surface, such as that of a surface plate, with considerable accuracy. A similar problem arises in checking the ...

During the past decade, product innovation, improvement, and cost reduction programs have led to growing interest in machining parts with ever-tighter tolerances. Accurate parts reduce costs by ...

Error separation techniques have become an indispensable component in the field of precision measurement, ensuring that intrinsic errors from both the measuring ...