It is easy to show that two elements of different atomic weight must differ either in their chemical or in their physical properties. If elements are inseparable chemically their affinity A must ...

Isotope hydrology helps governments find and understand the source of their water supplies – so they can develop management ...

Properties of thorium-231, thorium-234 ... or depleted uranium. Natural isotopes of uranium are U-238, U235, and U-234 (see table above for natural abundances). Depleted uranium contains less of the ...

but the rate at which heavy and light stable isotopes react during physical or chemical reactions differs. The chemical bonds and attractive forces of atoms with heavy stable isotopes are stronger ...

Promethium’s short half-life and lack of stable isotopes makes it difficult to study. In addition, promethium is difficult to ...

Isotopes trace the origin and movement of key elements and substances. Owing to isotopic fractionations associated with physical and biological reactions, nutrient and element pools within and among ...

Atomic nuclei with “magic numbers” of protons or neutrons in their nuclear shells are extremely stable. Nuclear physicists ...

One approach is to use isotopes to change the physical, chemical and technological properties of materials. Isotopes are members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons ...

Electron shells are mentioned. Two extra neutrons are added to make an unstable isotope which explodes at the end. This clip could be used to illustrate and introduce the concept of isotopes as an ...