In optical networking, generating the modulated signal by varying the current that creates the laser emission. Direct modulation is used for transmission speeds up to 2.5 GHz or higher speeds for ...

Varying the voltage of a carrier or a direct current in order to transmit analog or digital data. Amplitude modulation (AM) is the oldest method of transmitting human voice electronically. In an ...

Besides their negative charge, electrons also have a property called "spin." This spin has two directions, upward and downward, and devices with new functions based on this quality have been ...