At the ecosystem level, the total growth of all plant species is termed primary production, and — as we'll see in this article — communities composed of different numbers and combinations of ...

Here is a pyramid of biomass that represents this food chain. Scientists measured the biomass of each trophic level of this food chain. Their values are recorded in the table below.

Observed ecosystem-level changes in the Arctic include the disappearance of essential habitats, shifts in species’ timing and ranges, disruption of species’ relationships, declines in abundance, and ...

In population-level cascades, predator removal leads to overgrazing and local extinction of a dominant plant species, but a less palatable species replaces the first, keeping the ecosystem ...

The model tracks the oxygen "turnover" — how much oxygen is produced and consumed — in inland waters since 1900. The ...

For example, human waste (such as household and industrial waste) enters natural ecosystems, and sometimes this waste can build up to harmful levels. Human activities such as harvesting plants and ...