Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.

Nonparametric identification and maximum likelihood estimation for finite-state hidden Markov models are investigated. We obtain identification of the parameters as well as the order of the Markov ...

Discover how Markov chains predict real systems, from Ulam and von Neumann’s Monte Carlo to PageRank, so you can grasp ...