Photosynthesis is the dominant source of energy in most ecosystems through conversion of light to C-H bonds in organic material, and so the flow and fate or carbon is tightly linked to energy flow.

Secondary production is an ecosystem (energy flow) concept that is measured using a population technique. Textbooks rarely mention that it can address population/community questions as well.

The feeding sequence, showing the energy flow from producers to consumers, is called a food chain. Each step is called a trophic level: producers are on the first trophic level 1, primary ...

It includes all the plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, and air in a specific area, along with the energy flows and nutrient cycles that sustain life. Ecosystems can be terrestrial (land ...

By analyzing energy flows and metabolic processes within cities, the researchers uncovered that urban ecosystems exhibit multistable states. These states reflect different equilibrium points where ...

At the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, research on the flow of matter and energy between the forest ecosystem and the atmosphere, as well as underlying factors, has been ongoing for nearly 30 years. The ...