Our current, well-established understanding of phases of matter primarily relates to systems that are at or near thermal equilibrium. However, there is a rich world of systems that are not in a state ...

In this last chapter, causal discrete-time state-space models of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems are introduced mainly as a means of providing methods to discretize continuous-time LTI systems.

The advances made in microprocessors, microcomputers, and digital signal processors have accelerated the growth of digital control systems theory. The discrete-time systems are dynamic systems in ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Physical systems become inherently more complicated and difficult to produce in a lab as the number of dimensions they exist in increases—even more so in quantum systems. While discrete time crystals ...