Residual confounding, after adjustment for age, is the major criticism of observational studies on breast cancer screening effectiveness. We developed realistic scenarios for the prevalence and ...

Understanding ion-specific effects is a central theme of biology. But because ions are generally manipulated through the use of salts, the complication of 'ion confounding' is introduced. Ion ...

Control for confounding is crucial in causal observational studies. However, the modelling of continuous confounders has not received much attention. This is probably because in causal research the ...

Experimentation is a vital part of the scientific method. Most problems in science require observation of the system at work and experimentation to elucidate information about how the system works. In ...

means that the level of factor F is computed by adding the levels of B and D and two times the levels of C and E, all modulo 3. Note that if q is not a prime number, Galois field arithmetic is not ...