Aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs ... performance over extended periods. The new battery design also supports reversible four-electron transfer, making charge storage and transport more ...

“In a flow battery, proton and electron exchange occurs as electrolyte flows across both the membrane and electrode; design of the exchange area (flow field) for flowing electrolyte across an ...

One method uses an array of reverse electrodialysis (RED) membranes that act as a sort of "salt battery ... both the flow of ions across the RED membrane and the efficiency of electron transport ...