Understanding the dissolution processes of minerals can provide key insights into geochemical processes. Attempts to explain some of the observations during the dissolution of calcite (CaCO 3) have ...

The developed high-speed three-dimensional scanning force microscopy enabled the measurement of 3D force distribution at solid-liquid interfaces at 1.6 s/3D image. With this technique, 3D hydration ...

First invented in 1985 by IBM in Zurich, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique for imaging. It involves a nanoscopic tip attached to a microscopic, flexible cantilever, which is ...

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) contribute structural data that are interchangeable, cross-verifiable, and visualizable on common ...