Damascus is the capital and second largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in I…Damascus is the capital and second largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam. Known colloquially in Syria as aš-Šām and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine", Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world.